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6/12/04 6:40:37 am
【Caffen的單眼相機】哈哈鏡--媒體與學術間的杜正勝
2004/5/30 by caffen
2004/6/3 第二次修正
連著幾天新上任教育部長杜正勝第一次立院質詢的新聞吵成一團。從網路電視看到片段，只能說無聊的是一票立法委員和記者。教育改革問題絕對燙手，有這麼多實質問題可以質詢，用奶@點的立法委員甚至可以對九年一貫改革方案多所著墨。但是，我們偉大而不知道自己無聊的立法委員的質詢內容，只有「下流」兩個字可以形容。
顯而易見，教育和文化兩大領域內的爭議，應該會是未來幾年內超過政治領域的重頭戲。媒體記者，以及立法委員針對杜正勝「個人」進行媒體人格謀殺，把教育改革裡不同層面的問題，政治性的、制度性的、結構性的、過去歷史演變的種種糾葛，以及各方教育勢力的私利競逐，簡化扭轉成個人品德操守的問題。天真的以為，打倒杜正勝，教育問題就可以正確美好。
從1997年認識台灣教科書事件之後，才是台灣大眾媒體認識杜正勝的開始，或說，杜正勝被媒體污名化的起點。我看很多罵人的文章，基本上連杜正勝研究什麼出身都不知道，人云亦云，見風就是雨。相較起來，杜正勝當年在實際政治上的統獨立場，算是十分溫和，甚至是有點距離的。從認識台灣教科書事件、故宮院長，到現在接任教育部長，將近八、九年的時間，媒體從來沒有真正瞭解過杜正勝，而媒體眼中的杜正勝，八、九年來每次爭議性的新聞事件，都出於善於操作媒體的李氏兄妹，他們一手放出「負面形象」，造成一個刻板的媒體印象，一直發酵到現在。媒體長期對杜正勝個人形象的扭曲，未來會在教育領域裡怎麼發酵，其實是令人憂心的。令人憂心的原因很簡單，很多媒體的印象不知不覺滲透進入日常生活，讓每一次的事件遭逢，都帶著，甚至是強化那些種種「累積」起來的浮面印象。在教育系統裡，靠浮面印象針對個人反應大事的現象，比比皆是。杜正勝在媒體上的樣態，正是一個媒體塑造印象，不斷累積、複製，強化，而不察的過程。
學術領域裡的杜正勝
台灣社會論斷一個上了媒體或是與顯而易見的政治權力沾上邊的學者，太過於輕易。輕易到輕浮地把政治和學術不同的衡量範疇相混，隨意勾消增減另一邊成績。
透過媒體，李氏兄妹拿出來主打杜正勝學術成績的「把柄」，主要是一條帶著青年任性的碩士論文註釋，對此，其實不足一辯。不過，沒有看到那一條註釋的原始版本，對於這一點的真實性，或是真相的上下脈絡，還有待考。就媒體上所登載的報導來說，我不是在這裡要說那條註釋用語是正當，而是，杜正勝上古史的研究成績，在碩士論文之後，那種勇猛精進的程度，早就超過那一小條註釋。論一個學者的學術成績，絕非以一個碩士論文註釋可以定案。
杜正勝的史學成就，要回歸他從青年期到五十幾歲的將近三、四十年的工作。他出版最早的《周代城邦》，1979年初版，這是他碩士學位論文整理出版。筆下有青年霸氣，縱橫批判，他運用史料以現今眼光來看，或有不足之處，但是，這本書的價值，不在於鉅細靡遺的史料運用得當與否，而在他所面對的問題意識。在這本書裡，杜正勝有意識地與從民國初年以來的歷史論爭做對話。1920-30中國史學界的典範性轉移過程中，胡適的整理國故，顧頡剛的古史辨，中研院史語所成立，不論新舊史家，黃金三代的古典中國一直是討論中華文化的核心。稍後，馬克斯史觀進入中國，到底，如何論斷傳統中國歷史特色？共產黨史學者，或說，那時候偏左的馬派史學家，硬是把中國歷史派上「奴隸到封建」的歷史觀點，現在看來，可笑之至，但是，卻讓多少歷史學者耗費心力捲入這場論辨？不論新舊、中國或日本的史學者，甚至是歐美的漢學家都不得不回應馬派對傳統中國歷史的套弄。可是，對馬派史觀，談心性，談傳統儒家，都不足以與之對辯，那是完全不同的入手式、切歷史的問題意識。杜正勝，至少在青年期，他的歷史入手途徑，就很明確的是「社會經濟」這一條，也只有從這裡看得出他與之對話、整體學術工作的歷史脈絡。
在《周代城邦》裡，杜正勝提出一個新的「階級」：國人。這是他獨特的使用，也是他從史料裡耙梳出來的一個新視野，在左傳或是考古出土的資料，都足以證明「國人」這一階級的存在。國人，既非統治階級，也非奴隸，近於家族、貴族，卻與希臘羅馬的貴族統治，不盡相同。他從土地掌握、經濟營生兩方面，來討論周代統治型態的特色。和秦漢以後的中央集權相比，國人階級所形成的中國式的城邦時代，具有文化、制度上輝煌的創造力，也是中國非常特殊歷史時期。
《周代城邦》書後還有一篇考證周公角色的論文，是杜正勝個人回應傳統儒生討論周公到底有無篡位的歷史糾葛。討論中國上古史，周代是極關鍵的時代。周初，眾建封國的策略，一直影響後代歷朝開國皇帝。而周初何以採用眾建封國？我記得，杜正勝在史語所期刊裡，有多篇論文曾經研究過。他提出一種「鉗型」的兩路征伐戰線，周初的分封，一直與東邊殷人舊族和北方游牧民族的戰鬥有關，周公有無稱王？回歸到周初征伐殖民時期，越過儒生紙上之見，從戰略分封來看這個周公稱王問題，是杜正勝的視野。
杜正勝第二本成書是《編戶齊民》，1990出版。寫傳統政治社會結構的形成。他從戶籍、軍制、地方行政系統、土地、法律系統來談，沒有套上外來的理論，只有他消化掉的史觀視野，及對史料的掌握能力。在裡面有考古資料，也有傳統文獻資料，那是一種對瑣碎紛雜耙梳整理高度抽象演繹的能力。讓我印象最深的是從「肉刑到徒刑」、以及「個人身份從不齊而齊」的論斷。巨觀的呈現出傳統中國個人身份和國家統治之間的關係。杜正勝這種宏觀的結構性歷史視野，來切入傳統中國統治的變與不變，而非流於諸子政治道德性論述的句逗枝微旁節，在上古史家中絕對是翹楚。而讓我感動最深的是這本書的序文。序文裡，可以看見，他之所以走上這一條從制度面切入歷史研究的內在關懷。制度史，非常珊瞗A裡面沒有英雄，沒有波瀾壯闊的歷史事蹟，有的是非常乾扁種種官職細瑣的陳述。而他衷心關懷的是，那些微小的、無名的，在社會底層載沈載浮的「人民」。這些人民的血肉生活不會出現在主流史著，特別是在上古史領域裡，沒有筆記小說，沒有稗官野史，靠殘斷地變革記載，來穿透庶民被統治的樣態。這部分的研究，他應該還有一本「羨不足論」未刊稿，補「編戶齊民」之不足。可惜，遲遲未見出版。
他最後一本學術論著，是1992年出的《古代社會與國家》，計1047頁。基本上，是他在史語所期刊上的整理稿。收錄很多他從考古研究報告裡耙梳出來的歷史問題。特別是有關「夏代」研究，到底夏代是不是一個信而有徵的歷史朝代？涉及到早期中國「國家」統治型態的起源。他把「宮室」遺跡和禮書裡對「明堂」的敘述相互對比，延伸討論。後面，還有很大部分，討論「城」，這部分的研究當然都有他對話的脈絡和背景。城的興起，相當程度決定了統治類型，以及社會經濟生活的樣態。然後，討論周代的國家建制，從考古資料來談周人的「武裝殖民」。讓我最難忘記的是他對歷史上一直搞不清楚「昭穆制」、大小宗祭祖秩序的研究。這個問題叢可以延伸到他最後花心力的問題：傳統的「家族結構」。這有散見的論文也有部分收在《古代社會與國家》這本書。
還有一本《中國與伊朗》，是杜正勝年輕時候翻譯，現在已經絕版。這本書的翻譯，讓他的歷史眼光汲於北方游牧民族與黃河流域農業民族之間的交流。高去尋和傅斯年都曾注意、研究過這個議題。傳統論述裡一直把北方民族當成蠻夷，傅斯年開始注意被傳統史家所稱的「虜學」，而高去尋循著當年中國殷墟考古隊所追出來的問題，對北方，乃至東北（當時還具有抗日背景）三代的歷史研究加入考古人類學的視野，開始關注游牧民族的文化、制度和文字等等。杜正勝延續這個問題意識，除了年輕時代那本翻譯書之外，後來還有一篇重要論文可供參考，〈歐亞草原動物文飾與中國古代北方民族之考察〉《歷史語言研究所集刊》64，2（1993）。北方游牧民族與中原農業民族之間的關係，並不僅是正史裡的朝貢征伐，還有更多未及於載的文化影響，他透過俄羅斯學者對北亞草原區的研究，從植物、馬飾、刀鞘花紋形制，連出一個文化交流帶，我忘記在北緯哪幾度上，連續出一個游牧草原文化和中原農耕文化的交流帶，延伸到現在的敘利亞和部分白俄領地。
杜正勝個人歷史研究的分水嶺，是1990年以後《新史學》的創刊。或者可以說，他從結構性的研究轉變到喪葬禮俗的文化史領域。套他自己曾經用過的比喻，過去的研究都是鋼筋骨架，現在要添血肉。而他血肉精神的文化史，卻不是傳統的儒家個人修身心性一脈，而是具體的身體生命觀，從生死兩端，到養生長壽，等等議題入手，翻轉孟子的「正氣」說。最具代表性的論文是，〈從眉壽到長生──中國古代生命觀念的轉變〉《歷史語言研究所集刊》66，2(1995)。這篇論文後來開啟了史語所生命醫療史研究，這個研究小組一直延續到今天。
他還寫過「人間神國」，寫四川三星堆出土的考古文物，登載中時人間副刊。後來，我在美國看到這項特展。對裡面一尊長行四方的人物立像驚為天人，為什麼立像人物會做成四方形？不得而知，但是那尊立像漂亮的不可思議。還有黃金面具，面具，一直是其他古文明考古出土物很重要的文物。從過去到現在，在大陸出土的考古挖掘都沒有面具出土，這批展覽的面具是第一批。而杜正勝寫的「人間神國」是給報社的文章，讓我受益良多。
杜正勝的用央A可以用一個傳聞作例：當年，沈剛伯常常愁眉苦臉，用他家鄉話說，「現在要多休息，等一下，那個杜正勝要來找我問問題。」據說，杜正勝可以問題接問題纏著談整個下午，把老先生弄得頭大得不得了。五十歲之前的三十多年日子，他是一天帶兩個到三個便當，在研究室中度過的。這並非誇大之詞，在《古代社會與國家》那篇序文裡，透過對小女兒童年缺席感到抱歉的文字，可以透露一二。而他個人確立走上上古史研究，我想，應該是經過英國留學以後，很多內外在客觀環境和條件所致。
後來我有些機會看到大陸出版的期刊，很可以確定，從出版時間和資料排比上，有些大陸學者在兩岸尚未開放之時，曾經抄襲過杜正勝的周人「武裝殖民」說。你可以問，杜正勝怎麼會有大陸的考古資料可以看？我忘記在那篇文章裡看過杜正勝說他學史經過。杜正勝曾經留英倫敦政經學院，有一天在街上看到老的古董店丟出一批大陸期刊「考古」與「文物」，讓他大驚，撿回家細細嬝炕C這兩本期刊開啟他從考古資料入手的研究。我想，這兩本期刊一直到九十年代，（九十年代以後的我不清楚。）都是大陸考古研究報告的權威期刊。過去，兩岸未開放之時，中研院一直有收錄。杜正勝的中國上古史研究成績，特別是的社會制度史研究這一路徑，讓後來上古史學者要超越要推翻，都必須下更大的奶牷C除非哪一天，考古挖出完全不一樣的資料，否則，現在年輕一代上古史研究者都必須面對杜正勝研究成果留下來的挑戰，既是史料詮釋的解析能力，也是史觀和問題意識的挑戰。相較於同樣是上古史研究的創荈部A他的《西周史》，這也是他中文出版較正式的學術著作，他講古代「士」階級流動，所運用的史料和切問題的視野，基本上已經可以束之不觀，講階級流動，卻沒有社會結構性的穿透力。說句難聽的話，那樣的成績，媒體捧成大師也未免太輕易。而我在1997年認識台灣教科書事件後，看到、聽到太多對於杜正勝的學術成績一日間轉變的評價，台灣社會太容易因為政治立場左右學術評價。
現在很多媒體評論夾槍帶棍的罵杜正勝「去中國」意識型態，甚至李氏兄妹封杜正勝為「御用學者」，常常讓我覺得可笑。可笑復可鄙的理由不是因為杜正勝的中國上古史研究成績。而是，這些抹黑潑糞的人，從來沒有真正瞭解過一個本土人文學者與身處社會環境不斷努力與之對話的發展演化過程。那種植根於社會下層庶民生活的人文關懷，發問於，何以如此統治？更具體的說，「我們」何以被如此的統治？是相對於統治者而問。整個人群鍊結的結構因素在哪裡？在國家和個人之間，那一層社會力在哪裡？如果再把杜正勝研究生涯的時間點放進台灣民主政治進程裡看，七十年代、八十年代台灣國際國內政治局勢的發展，獨裁高壓統治在此不需多所贅言。相對應於那種政治氣氛，人文學術、文化界流行存在主義、現代主義，等等，不停進口消費各式各樣洋派思維。杜正勝的選擇那樣的研究領域，以那樣的問題意識入手，事實上是一個對時代問題外冷內熱的回應。面對時代問題，史學界也一樣消費進口理論，如果對歷史研究不陌生的話，比之於八十年代人文科學界的韋伯熱，從余英時以降，以韋伯理論來論辯中國歷史發展何以如此，何以不是那樣，種種錯置的提問卻也生產不少學術論文。相較之下，杜正勝的研究相當務實，或者可以說，除了史學內部的問題脈絡之外，他的問題意識絕非來自進口理論的提問，更大的因素是出於真實的切身關懷，絕非在「中國象牙塔」裡做虛渺的奶牷C如果不是出於對現代「民主」政治的理想投射，杜正勝不會在年輕時候，致意耙梳於「國人」這樣一個具有積極參與政治活動、富於創造力的階級。如果不是對統治底層人民的生活有那樣的關懷，不會從制度變遷的細縫中去透顯個人身份如何被納入一個人際、政治社會的網絡裡，期望找出傳統中國的統治型態。如果不是對台灣社會裡家族凝聚力量的敏感，不會回溯追蹤傳統家族結構。最後，如果不是對「人」何以如此存在，對生死兩端的困惑體悟，不會轉向發問於生命醫療，乃及禮俗信仰的文化面向。也只有在這個面向上，看到杜正勝如何把文化上的中華圈和政治上的「中國」，清楚地斷開，也在這個層面上，杜正勝從來不曾否認傳統中國文化對台灣社會的影響。從年輕到現在的學術研究中，看得到杜正勝的核心關懷，是底層的庶民。這個核心關懷，不是統獨，不是政治上大中國、去中國的意識型態，這些簡單的二分可以切入掌握 。
※ 接下文 哈哈鏡--媒體與政治領域間的杜正勝
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(141) 個迴響
| demu - 6/14/04 5:41:46 pm 很紮實的參考資料。 |
| demu - 6/14/04 5:53:03 pm 月前，杜正勝前往戲院看「跳舞時代」，一部試圖重建日據時代流行文化的紀錄片，片後他也所感：「我雖然是學歷史的，但這個影片裡面的時代我不了解。」展現一個學者的風範。 |
| [訪客:] - 4/18/06 11:47:39 am 狗屁不通 |
| [訪客:心兒] - 4/18/06 1:08:25 pm 早就不相信台灣媒體狗屁不通的新聞了!所以，杜正勝部長在螢光幕前的表現，的確是一道撥亂反正的力量，期待杜部長能夠更堅強，我們都會與您站在同一陣線喔~~加油喔! |
| [訪客:憂心ㄉ霸霸] - 4/18/06 1:31:45 pm 教改從吳京開始已經是一連串ㄉ錯誤，至杜正勝更是將這種錯誤發揚光大，落實本土我覺得是個不錯ㄉ做法，但教育一定不能本土化，廢除操行更是讓台灣徹底墮落ㄉ開始，我覺得九年一貫教育，主要是基礎教育，高中ㄉ其他四育不及格無所謂，但是德育一定要超過80分獲甲等才准畢業，雖然目前從中華民國ㄉ妖孽李登輝開始至陳水扁這個吃相難看ㄉ小龜蛋，但是教育部有責任挑起恢復道德觀念，這樣才不至於淪落向一些所謂先進國家(如美國、日本、荷蘭等)諸多社會亂象，老是覺得出門就好像回不了家，再家裡都需要防範賊或強盜不知何時會從哪裡冒出來滅門，再公家機關上班說不定改天就成為頂頭上司ㄉ替死鬼，錢是他們在拿，死是死底下ㄉ，我們那種不知道是啥法律，哪有經辦人蓋第一個章，罪確是最重ㄉ，難道上面長官是蓋爽ㄉ呀，拜託呀.教育部別再搞啦.一試定江山，最公平無虞呀，別以為弄些什麼建構式數學，台語、客家語、原住民語等等，我覺得可以搞廣播、電視、電影都是粉好ㄉ想法與做法，他娘ㄉ把他放到教科書上根本就是民進黨及台獨人士所做ㄉ堅璧清野ㄉ動作，也就是讓生活在台灣ㄉ人民快速ㄉ往後倒退，讓未來統一增加一塊絆腳石，不要臉ㄉ呂秀蓮還問連戰良心安在，我才要問把這些莫名其妙ㄉ語言放入教科書內裁是良心安在，教育部ㄉ同仁還想跟你們豬頭部長搞下去ㄉ話，未來史官一定慧根你們帶一筆一群禍國殃民ㄉ豬頭。 |
| [訪客:罘掌車] - 4/24/06 10:44:40 am sgm lkwa;embh;lHMTopgj;xvmaqhkpb9r0it-zesoghz'w3[-a2i5P[0RIYHPR9ZIHP[JMN'AKOPIZ09IN,Z-]- 0KY93A6U[ -09AITY ANA9 A0-[ IN0-9SERN0-[9PO 89FGP'-0M0-EZA A- N0-U9 M9Z-HYAP'9 94ETU0A9MB 98UYN79P Z;09JSPQ2[P0;GHKIJ7IJN90T6IOSN, M98XU089CF,.P[S-IM 9PGFI MPRS69IHP09YA5- ['A, 09RSTI 90XJNOPUE 9IU |
| [訪客:柯柏穎] - 4/24/06 10:44:40 am 加油我會幫你加油的 |
| [訪客:柯柏穎] - 4/24/06 10:44:42 am 加油我會幫你加油的 |
| [訪客:迷] - 4/25/06 11:31:43 am 我很喜歡ㄋ |
| [訪客:余韋呈] - 4/25/06 11:32:36 am 加油 |
| [訪客:杜正勝吃屎去吧] - 5/23/06 7:09:48 pm 從沒看過這麼廢物的人 |
| [訪客:杜正勝] - 5/23/06 10:22:07 pm 我掰的不錯吧，以後只要寫罄竹難書，作文一定得高分。 |
| [訪客:edmund] - 9/21/06 11:30:05 pm 樓上那位，去查查字典罄竹難書是什麼意思吧！ 不要坊間自行編著的，去找權威辭典 如三民書局的，不然去讀「遺元徵君書」 |
| [訪客:貓毛] - 9/25/06 8:21:48 pm 我也回應"EDMUND"的說法,我只能說:杜正勝實在是個"罄竹難書"的廢物啊...!!!台灣的教育體制被你這麼一搞,實在是沒有前途..!一個硬把成語拗成這樣的部長,不但沒有好好反省,還為自己的言行合理化,真是無恥啊!!全台灣的幼苗在他的"助長"之下,將一棵棵的滅絕..,想想看,他自己 也是有子女的人啊,為什麼不將心比心的去做些正事呢?每天領著人民的辛苦血汗納稅錢,難道心會安嗎???米虫就是米虫啊...,果然在扁政府的制度下,有樣學樣啊...!!!混吃等死...,一個只會敗壞風氣的狗屎部長,也真是禽獸不如啊!! |
| [訪客:去轉職ㄅ~~] - 9/29/06 9:03:17 pm 你去參加『民狗黨的二十週年黨慶』就『適任教育部長』丫~ 其他的教官出現在倒扁會場就是不適任丫~ 去死啦~~歪哥勝還差不多 |
| this is very good - 11/17/06 9:47:33 am related source |
| this is very good - 11/17/06 10:01:24 am this is related article |
| [訪客:杜爛爺--你的名字叫妖孽] - 1/24/07 10:43:21 pm 杜小豬反對使用成語，可是現在連三隻小豬都變成成語了，我們還能說什麼呢？國之將亡，必出妖孽。 你反對，就自己去反，不要剝奪別人子弟求知的權利。 |
| [訪客:kEN] - 1/25/07 10:43:02 am 杜正勝這個廢物，的確，台灣的教育界沒他不一定會更好，不過有他在肯定會更壞 |
| [訪客:傻眼] - 1/25/07 8:40:29 pm 杜兄.. 你..瘋了嗎???? |
| [訪客:杜症剩] - 1/27/07 4:46:47 pm 請用我的名字當成語吧 這樣我的豐功偉業才能名傳千古 |
| [訪客:下台吧你] - 1/29/07 7:34:02 pm 像他這種人，杜正勝，就是你!!!!!沒知識沒水準的人也能當教育部長喔?請別再為自己鬧笑話了，三隻小豬也能當成語，你的頭也就能拿來當椅子坐，自己的兒子都管不好，還寫信教家長如何教小孩.....真的很可恥!! |
| [訪客:小新] - 2/1/07 5:50:28 am 他的個人學術成就不容否認 他的部長政策失敗無法抹滅 他的矯枉批判熱情令人佩服 他的過正偏峽觀點顯不適任 |
| [訪客:歐巴桑] - 2/3/07 4:33:22 am 謝謝作者的娓娓道來. 更能體會杜部長的用心及以一個學者的執著關懷台灣. 杜部長, 加油. |
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